In, a protective relay is a device designed to trip a when a is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detectio. In, a protective relay is a device designed to trip a when a is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current,, reverse flow, over-frequency, and under-frequency. Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays. provide only rudimentary indication of the location and origin of a fault. In many cases a single microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or more electromech. Electromechanical protective relays operate by either, or. Unlike switching type electromechanical with fixed and usually ill-defined operating voltage thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-established, selectable, and adjustable time and current (or other operating parameter) operating characteristics. Protection relays may use arrays of, shaded-pole, magnets, operating and restraint coils, solenoid-type operators, telephone-relay contacts, and phase-shifting networks. Protective relays can also be classified by the type of measurement they make. A protective relay may respond to the magnitude of a quantity such as voltage or current. Induction relays can respond to the product of two quantities in two field coils, which could for example represent the power in a circuit. "It is not practical to make a relay that develops a torque equal to the quotient of two a.c. quantities. This, however is not important; the only significant condition for a relay is its setting and the setting can be made to correspond to a ratio regardless of the component values over a wide range." Several operating coils can be used to provide "bias" to the relay, allowing the sensitivity of response in one circuit to be controlled by another. Various combinations of "operate torque" and "restraint torque" can be produced in the relay. By use of a permanent magnet in the, a relay can be made to respond to current in one direction differently from in another. Such are used on direct-current circuits to detect, for example, reverse current into a generator. These relays can be made bistable, maintaining a contact closed with no coil current and requiring reverse current to reset. For AC circuits, the principle is e. Electromechanical relays can be classified into several different types as follows: "Armature"-type relays have a pivoted lever supported on a hinge or knife-edge pivot, which carries a moving contact. These relays may work on either alternating or direct current, but for alternating current, a shading coil on the pole is used to maintain contact force throughout the alternating current cycle. Because the air gap between the fixed coil and the moving armature becomes much smaller when the relay has operated, the current required to maintain the relay closed is much smaller than the current to first operate it. The "returning ratio" or "differential" is the measure of how much the current must be reduced to reset the relay. A variant application of the attraction principle is the plunger-type or solenoid operator. A is another example of the attraction principle. "Moving coil" meters use a loop of wire turns in a stationary magnet, similar to a but with a contact lever instead of a pointer. These can be made with very high sensitivity. Another type of moving coil suspends the coil from two conductive l. The various protective functions available on a given relay are denoted by standard. For example, a relay including function 51 would be a timed overcurrent protective relay. An overcurrent relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a pickup value. It is of two types: instantaneous over current (IOC) relay and definite time overcurrent (DTOC) relay. The is 50 for an IOC relay or a DTOC relay. In a typical application, the over current relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip a circuit breaker. The DTOC relay has been used extensively in the United Kingdom but its inherent issue of operating slower for faults closer to the source led to the development of the IDMT relay. A definite time over-current (DTOC) relay is a relay that operates after a definite period of time once the current exceeds the pickup value. Hence, this relay has current setting range as well as time setting range. An instantaneous over-current relay is an overcurrent relay which has no intentional time delay for operation. The contacts of the relay are closed instantly when the current inside the relay rises beyond the operational value. The time interval between the instant pick-up value and the closing contacts of the relay is very low. It has low operating time and starts operating instantly when the value of current is more than the relay setting. This relay operates only when the impedance between the source and the relay is less than that provided in the section. An inverse-time over-current (ITOC) relay is an overcurrent relay which operates only when the magnitude of their operating current is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the energize quantities. Th. Relays can also be classified by their type of power source. • Self-powered relays operate on energy derived from the protected circuit, such as through the current transformers used to measure line current. Self-powered relays are advantageous in terms of cost and reliability as they do not require a separate power supply.• Auxiliary-powered relays rely on a battery or external AC supply. Some relays can use either AC or DC. The auxiliary supply must be highly reliable during a system fault to ensure the relay can operate.• Dual-powered relays are powered by the protected circuit and through an auxiliary power source which acts as a backup.
